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--- peribumi [2024/12/28 06:57] – [Ibu Susuan] sazli
+++ peribumi [2024/12/28 16:29] (current) – [Ibu Susuan] sazli
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 ===== Amalan Peribumi Dunia =====
+==== WOMAN THE BREADWINNER ====
 //"There are gatherer/hunter women living today and some of them are more 'liberated' than most women in industrialised society. Many so-called primitive people are not worn down with overwork as so many peasants and urban workers are. A gathering and hunting community will search out the food they need for the present and then relax and play. They do not acquire surpluses, because they have the skills to find food whenever they need it and if they are nomadic there is a disadvantage in carrying too many stores. They may be vulnerable to accident, a snakebite or other hazards of nature, but as long as they can move freely in their accustomed environment their food is all around them and cannot be stolen by other people. Their food is also adapted to the environment and unlike most agricultural crops cannot be destroyed by drought or pest. \\
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 (Sumber: Gabrielle Palmer, 1988. The Politics of Breastfeeding, m.s. 131-132).
+==== THE MYTH OF THE TRADITIONAL WOMAN ====
+//"Though there might be a period of dependency on other women for food immediately after childbirth, during her everyday life a gatherer woman is self-sufficient and well able to support her own children. In most gatherer/hunter groups children are well cared for both physically and psychologically and are fully integrated into everyday life, unlike our own children who are segregated so carefully. Children may be breastfed and stay close to their mothers in the first two to three years, but after this phase they rapidly become very independent, learning all the skills necessary for survival and participation in their own society at a rate which puts our own ponderous educational methods to shame. For example, 4-year-olds in Papua New Guinea skilfully catch and roast insects which provide and important contribution to their diet. \\
+.....\\
+Lactation failure is unknown in Hadza society and breastfeeding is gradually supplemented by nutritious foods such as bone marrow, soft fat and ground baobab berries. When the baby develops teeth, mothers pre-chew meat for them, which may have an added advantage in that the salivary glands are linked into the immunological system, which may give further protection against disease. Hadza children are healthier than those in other societies where medical services are non-existent ot inadequate. Derrick Jelliffe and his colleagues found few of the usual problems of rural and urban chidren in tropical countries. There was no kwashiorkor, marasmus, anaemia or other nutritional deficiency and no ascaris, the round worms which are so common in most 'poor' societies and which add to the risk of malnutrition. \\
+\\
+Childcare is a straightforward matter in this society and does not conflict with a woman 'earning' her living, indeed it is integrated effortlessly with the educational and economic system. Suckling a baby is easy when you can do it while you work or can pause whenever it suits you because you are the one in control of your own work, welfare and survival."//
+(Sumber: Gabrielle Palmer, 1988. The Politics of Breastfeeding, m.s. 134-135).
+==== AGRICULTURE ====
+//"Evidence indicates that many gatherer/hunters had better-quality diets and a less pathogenic environment and enjoyed better health than agriculturalists. Historians look at the evolution of agriculture as though it only happened because it was a 'good thing'. This theory that all development or evoution is due to the purpose of the final cause is known as teleology. ... In our hierarchical mode of thinking, the idea of agriculture being 'superior' to gathering and hunting, and of course the idea of industrialisation being another step 'forward' is teleological. Just because it happened does not mean that it was necessarily advantageous, nor that it was entirely without benefits."// (Gabrielle Palmer, 1988. The Politics of Breastfeeding, m.s. 137).
+==== WORKING MOTHERS: THE USINO OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA ====
+//"The Usino in Papua New Guinea could not comprehend the idea of lactation failure, ... everyone believed that a baby must never cry and breasts were as much used to comfort as to feed. In our own modern society women who want to breasteed and earn a wage are often regarded as over-demanding and unrealistic. Babies are the investment in the future, but such is our obsession with the quick return and our ignorance of the real value of breastfeeding that we lack a truly social attitude to childcare, involving as it would compromises with other forms of productivity."// (Gabrielle Palmer, 1988. The Politics of Breastfeeding, m.s. 140).
+==== BABIES AND WORK ====
+//"In pre-industrial Europe a child would have grown up seeing her mother both working and rearing babies. Most children would have handled and played with several babies before experiencing the responsibility of their own. A girl would have learned how to position the baby on the breast by seeing it done a thousand and one times, just as she learned how to stack a corn stook. By the time she had a child of her own she would have been as confident of mothering skills as she would of gleaning or spinning. ... A mother had learned throughout her life about the practicalities, rhythms, crises and overall management of the production process and also the same of childcare. Not being able to breastfeed a child or time the harvest would be as incredible as someone from our own society being unable to switch on a television."// (Gabrielle Palmer, 1988. The Politics of Breastfeeding, m.s. 158).
+===== Amalan Orang Melayu =====
+//"Carol Laderman's work (1983, 1987), based on ethnographic research undertaken in Trengganu in the 1970s, documents the 'traditional' management of pregnancy, birth and the puerperium, and in so doing draws attention to the social importance of midwives and healers in Malay society and clarifies the reluctance of women, at the time of her writing and much earlier, to present to clinics and hospitals for maternal care. ... Among Malay women, the puerperium is especially elaborated and involves mother-roasting (bersalin), smoke baths and dietary regulation to ensure return to equilibrium of humoural balance, to revert the uterus and tone the vagina, and ensure continuing health, while also providing the mother with time to adjust to the newborn and to establish breast-feeding. Among Chinese and Indian women similar observances, usually for a slightly shorter period, pertain. This is a period largely ignored by early and much more recent obstetric services where the emphasis has been on pregnancy and labour, and the delivery of a live infant is the primary and final attainment."// (Lenore Manderson, 1998: [[https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621826|Maternities and Modernities]]: "Shaping reproduction: maternity in early twentieth-century Malaya", m.s.32).
 ===== Ibu Susuan =====