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Table of Contents
British: Penjajahan Awal (1824-1895)
Ringkasan
Antara kesan revolusi perindustrian di Britain 1760-1840 ialah penglibatan ramai wanita dalam tenaga kerja industri. Bagi kalangan mereka yang baru melahirkan anak, hambatan jadual produktiviti yang ketat telah memaksa mereka mengorbankan sebahagian besar peranan keibuan mereka, termasuk hal-hal berkaitan penyusuan dan pemakanan anak mereka. Keadaan ini menerbitkan keperluan kaedah-kaedah alternatif pemakanan bayi, termasuk susu botol, yang meningkat pada tahun 1850-an. Pada masa yang sama, peningkatan kes penyakit cirit-birit (diarea) di kalangan bayi di Britain turut dikesan. Seterusnya, produk susu tepung mula dipasarkan di Britain pada pertengahan tahun 1860-an. Berikutan kemajuan teknologi kondensasi susu (1871), produk-produk pemakanan bayi berasaskan susu mula dieksport ke negeri-negeri koloni di luar Britain.
Sementara itu, pada awal tahun 1870-an, terdapat usaha pengumpulan kes-kes diarea bayi yang disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor pemakanan bayi, kehidupan di bandar, kerjaya wanita di kilang-kilang, serta keadaan persekitaran mereka. Pada tahun 1872, korelasi atau hubung kait secara langsung di antara penggunaan susu pekat dengan kekerapan diarea telah dinyatakan oleh Dr Daly.
Namun kegiatan pemasaran dan eksport susu tin terus berjalan seperti biasa. Mulai pertengahan tahun 1880-an, susu tin Nestle telah dipasarkan di Singapura, dan iklan-iklannya mula disiarkan secara jelas di akhbar The Straits Times.
Gambar hiasan: biarawati Perancis yang bertugas sebagai jururawat di Singapore General Hospital sejak 1 Ogos 1885: “Nuns from the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus at Victoria Street taking care of babies abandoned at the convent, early 1900s. Many of these French nuns took up nursing duties at the General Hospital on 1 August 1885 due to the shortage of trained professionals.”
Kronologi
1839-1872: Perkembangan Produk Susu di Britain
| Tahun | Peristiwa |
|---|---|
| 1839 | Manufacture of cans |
| 1850s | Bottle feeding increased sharply with new shaped bottles & india-rubber teats. Increased infantile diarrhea. |
| Mid-1860s | Powdered milk available in Britain. |
| 1871 | Technology for the extraction of water from and condensation of milk [ Enable milk and milk products to be kept for lengthy periods without deterioration, provided the means by which milk could be safely shipped to and marketed in the colonies. ] |
| Early 1870s | Evidence collected of links between infant diarrhea with infant feeding, urban living, women working in factories, environment (summer diarrhea) |
| 1872 | Dr Daly presented direct correlation between use of condensed milk and recurring diarrhea. |
(Sumber: Lenore Manderson, International Journal of Health Services, Vol. 12, No. 4 (1982), pp. 597-616 (20 pages): |"BOTTLE FEEDING AND IDEOLOGY IN COLONIAL MALAYA: THE PRODUCTION OF CHANGE").
Pertengahan 1880-an: Susu Tin Nestle di Singapura
“Nestle tinned milk was already available in Singapore, and unassuming advertisements appeared sporadically in The Straits Times.” (Lenore Manderson, International Journal of Health Services, Vol. 12, No. 4 (1982), pp. 597-616 (20 pages): |"BOTTLE FEEDING AND IDEOLOGY IN COLONIAL MALAYA: THE PRODUCTION OF CHANGE").