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| british-awal [2024/12/28 07:10] – [TWO APPROACHES: DR REID AND MRS GREENWOOD] sazli | british-awal [2024/12/28 16:28] (current) – [Pertengahan 1880-an: Susu Tin Nestle di Singapura] sazli |
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| Gambar hiasan: biarawati Perancis yang bertugas sebagai jururawat di Singapore General Hospital sejak 1 Ogos 1885: //"Nuns from the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus at Victoria Street taking care of babies abandoned at the convent, early 1900s. Many of these French nuns took up nursing duties at the General Hospital on 1 August 1885 due to the shortage of trained professionals."// (National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board @ Pattarin Kusolpalin, BiblioAsia Jul-Sep 2016: {{ :makalah:v12-issue2_angelswhite.pdf ||}}[[https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/vol-12/issue-2/jul-sep-2016/angels-in-white/|"Angels in White: Early Nursing in Singapore"]]). | Gambar hiasan: biarawati Perancis yang bertugas sebagai jururawat di Singapore General Hospital sejak 1 Ogos 1885: //"Nuns from the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus at Victoria Street taking care of babies abandoned at the convent, early 1900s. Many of these French nuns took up nursing duties at the General Hospital on 1 August 1885 due to the shortage of trained professionals."// (National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board @ Pattarin Kusolpalin, BiblioAsia Jul-Sep 2016: {{ :makalah:v12-issue2_angelswhite.pdf ||}}[[https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/vol-12/issue-2/jul-sep-2016/angels-in-white/|"Angels in White: Early Nursing in Singapore"]]). |
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| ====== Kronologi ====== | |
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| ===== Kesan Revolusi Industri di England ===== | ===== Kesan Revolusi Industri di England ===== |
| (Sumber: Gabrielle Palmer, 1988. The Politics of Breastfeeding, m.s. 180-181). | (Sumber: Gabrielle Palmer, 1988. The Politics of Breastfeeding, m.s. 180-181). |
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| ==== THE 'MATERNITY' LETTERS ==== | |
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| //"'Maternity: Letters from Working Women' edited by Margaret Llewellyn Davies depicts the lives of some women at the turn of the twentieth century. As literate women and members of the Women's Co-operative Guild, they were acutely aware that they were better off than many others. The fact that most of them had led lives of unceasing pain and humiliation makes the experience of the other nineteenth century British working women all the more horrifying. ... \\ | ==== FOR INFANTS AND INVALIDS ==== |
| .....\\ | |
| 'Maternity' reveals that a life of bad health, overwork, under-nutrition and sexual exploitation was the lot of most women. ... Though the medical world continued to emphasise the ignorance of mothers, the mothers' letter in 'Maternity' show women's awareness of the needs of mothers and babies. Most mothers did breastfeed and took a shy pride on this fact. When they failed to breastfeed this was yet another sorrow to add to the endless account of misery. They knew that artificial feeding was dangerous and also that stress exacerbated physical problems even though this was not acknowledged 'scientifically' ... The very anxiety that they might not be able to breastfeed would have increased the risk of lactation failure."// | |
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| (Sumber: Gabrielle Palmer, 1988. The Politics of Breastfeeding, m.s. 185-188). | //"The technique of condensing milk, patented by Gail Borden in the USA in 1865, was introduced to Europe by Charles Page, a former correspondent of the New York Tribune. At the end of the American Civil War he became US consul in Switzerland and together with his brother formed the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in 1856, which later (1905) merged with a local company called Nestle. ... During the 1960s a German chemist, Justus von Liebig, was considerably annoyed by the doctors who reported that this food was indigestible or who doubted that it was the counterpart of mother's milk. One of his admirers argued, \\ |
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| //"The milk companies have argued that their products kept children alive for all the mothers who could not breastfeed and there was a 'demand'. The fact that the new organisation and stresses of industrialised society created so many of the burdens for women that prevented them from breastfeeding meant that the companies themselves were creating the conditions which ensured that their product would be needed. \\ | 'For instance, if we were to say that this preparation does not agree with newborn babies, such a statement could not be supported on theoretical grounds, since in the food they got the very same ingredients as in mother's milk. As therefore the milk agrees with them I cannot understand why they should be unable to digest Liebig's food.' \\ |
| ..... \\ | |
| ...the effect of this on infant feeding has been repeated around the world. The process of industrialised urbanisation appears to cut women off from their support systems and expose them to stresses, both emotional and physiological, which make it more difficult for them to breastfeed. Hard work itself does not impede lactation, as clear evidence from so many rural societies indicates, nor living in a city, as thousands of privileged Europeans and North Americans have proved in the 1980s. ... Milk companies and doctors are always claiming that women do not want to breastfeed. This seems exceedingly rare in the rural situation, but does occur in the urban. ... The introduction of damaging practices makes breastfeeding failure likely and a mother who experienced difficulties is bound to discourage her daughter. Several of the letters in 'Maternity' describe the experience of a 'gathered breast' (i.e. mastitis) or an abscess. This indicates that they were probably not feeding the baby frequently in the early days after the birth and this early restriction is often linked with later lactation failure. ... \\ | |
| ..... \\ | ..... \\ |
| There are so many changes which accompany the process of industrialisation that it is an oversimplication to pinpoint one as a cause of decline in breastfeeding. Among these confitions were a loss of intimate knowledge and support, an intrusion of erroneous medical supervsion into a personal relationship and the widespread availability of products which were promoted as adequate breastmilk substitutes. The new methods of production which made life more difficult for breastfeeding women and increased the numbers of dead babies were producing hundreds of products which were widely advertised with extravagant and misleading claims and were making a good profit for their manufacturers."// | This spirit of concern for babies was not easily dampened and another German, Henri Nestle, a dealer in mustard, grains and oil lamps, claimed to have saved the life of a baby who, having allegedly rejected his mother's milk and all other food, accepted Nestle's 'farine lactee' (Nestle's Milk Food). By 1873, Nestle were selling 500,000 boxes of 'farine lactee' per year in Europe, the United States, Argentina, Mexico and the Dutch East Indies. ... Delivering milk to babies began to be a large-scale task for these philanthropists and was seen as a noble, life-saving one. It also happened to be extremely profitable, for as efficiency in the dairy industry increased and transport communication iproved, cows' milk became cheaper and more readily available. In Britain, with the introduction of frozen and chilled meat imports, meat prices for the home-grown product began to fall to such an extent that many farmers turned to dairying as an alternative to fatstock raising and to supplying the liquid milk market which they found buoyant when other products had to compete with cheap imported food. Another group of people had been philanthropically delivering milk to infants for over a million years, but they were women, and as every nineteenth-century scientist knew, they were not to be trusted to do things properly."// |
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| (Sumber: Gabrielle Palmer, 1988. The Politics of Breastfeeding, m.s. 189-190). | (Sumber: Gabrielle Palmer, 1988. The Politics of Breastfeeding, m.s. 191-193). |
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| ===== 1839-1872: Perkembangan Produk Susu di Britain ===== | ===== 1839-1872: Perkembangan Produk Susu di Britain ===== |
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| //"Nestle tinned milk was already available in Singapore, and unassuming advertisements appeared sporadically in The Straits Times."// (Lenore Manderson, International Journal of Health Services, Vol. 12, No. 4 (1982), pp. 597-616 (20 pages): {{ ::buku:jstor-org-stable-45131579.pdf ||}}[[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45131579|"BOTTLE FEEDING AND IDEOLOGY IN COLONIAL MALAYA: THE PRODUCTION OF CHANGE"]]). | //"Nestle tinned milk was already available in Singapore, and unassuming advertisements appeared sporadically in The Straits Times."// (Lenore Manderson, International Journal of Health Services, Vol. 12, No. 4 (1982), pp. 597-616 (20 pages): {{ ::buku:jstor-org-stable-45131579.pdf ||}}[[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45131579|"BOTTLE FEEDING AND IDEOLOGY IN COLONIAL MALAYA: THE PRODUCTION OF CHANGE"]]). |
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| | ===== Akhir 1800-an: Khidmat Kesihatan Isteri dan Anak Imigran Eropah ===== |
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| | //"Late in the nineteenth century, English women arrived in Malaya as colonists' wives, feminizing the domestic space and establish a more permanent colonial presence. ... English women's concern with their own maternity, infant care and the health and education of their children flowed over to the maternity and mothering of other women, and state services were developed in response."// (Lenore Manderson, 1998: [[https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621826|Maternities and Modernities]]: "Shaping reproduction: maternity in early twentieth-century Malaya", m.s.31). |
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