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--- british-awal [2024/12/28 07:03] – [1839-1872: Perkembangan Produk Susu di Britain] sazli
+++ british-awal [2024/12/28 16:28] (current) – [Pertengahan 1880-an: Susu Tin Nestle di Singapura] sazli
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 Gambar hiasan: biarawati Perancis yang bertugas sebagai jururawat di Singapore General Hospital sejak 1 Ogos 1885: //"Nuns from the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus at Victoria Street taking care of babies abandoned at the convent, early 1900s. Many of these French nuns took up nursing duties at the General Hospital on 1 August 1885 due to the shortage of trained professionals."// (National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board @ Pattarin Kusolpalin, BiblioAsia Jul-Sep 2016: {{ :makalah:v12-issue2_angelswhite.pdf ||}}[[https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/vol-12/issue-2/jul-sep-2016/angels-in-white/|"Angels in White: Early Nursing in Singapore"]]).
-====== Kronologi ======
 ===== Kesan Revolusi Industri di England =====
@@ Line 37: / Line 36: @@
 (Sumber: Gabrielle Palmer, 1988. The Politics of Breastfeeding, m.s. 180-181).
+==== FOR INFANTS AND INVALIDS ====
+//"The technique of condensing milk, patented by Gail Borden in the USA in 1865, was introduced to Europe by Charles Page, a former correspondent of the New York Tribune. At the end of the American Civil War he became US consul in Switzerland and together with his brother formed the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in 1856, which later (1905) merged with a local company called Nestle. ... During the 1960s a German chemist, Justus von Liebig, was considerably annoyed by the doctors who reported that this food was indigestible or who doubted that it was the counterpart of mother's milk. One of his admirers argued, \\
+\\
+'For instance, if we were to say that this preparation does not agree with newborn babies, such a statement could not be supported on theoretical grounds, since in the food they got the very same ingredients as in mother's milk. As therefore the milk agrees with them I cannot understand why they should be unable to digest Liebig's food.' \\
+..... \\
+This spirit of concern for babies was not easily dampened and another German, Henri Nestle, a dealer in mustard, grains and oil lamps, claimed to have saved the life of a baby who, having allegedly rejected his mother's milk and all other food, accepted Nestle's 'farine lactee' (Nestle's Milk Food). By 1873, Nestle were selling 500,000 boxes of 'farine lactee' per year in Europe, the United States, Argentina, Mexico and the Dutch East Indies. ... Delivering milk to babies began to be a large-scale task for these philanthropists and was seen as a noble, life-saving one. It also happened to be extremely profitable, for as efficiency in the dairy industry increased and transport communication iproved, cows' milk became cheaper and more readily available. In Britain, with the introduction of frozen and chilled meat imports, meat prices for the home-grown product began to fall to such an extent that many farmers turned to dairying as an alternative to fatstock raising and to supplying the liquid milk market which they found buoyant when other products had to compete with cheap imported food. Another group of people had been philanthropically delivering milk to infants for over a million years, but they were women, and as every nineteenth-century scientist knew, they were not to be trusted to do things properly."//
+(Sumber: Gabrielle Palmer, 1988. The Politics of Breastfeeding, m.s. 191-193).
 ===== 1839-1872: Perkembangan Produk Susu di Britain =====
@@ Line 53: / Line 63: @@
 //"Nestle tinned milk was already available in Singapore, and unassuming advertisements appeared sporadically in The Straits Times."// (Lenore Manderson, International Journal of Health Services, Vol. 12, No. 4 (1982), pp. 597-616 (20 pages): {{ ::buku:jstor-org-stable-45131579.pdf ||}}[[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45131579|"BOTTLE FEEDING AND IDEOLOGY IN COLONIAL MALAYA: THE PRODUCTION OF CHANGE"]]).
+===== Akhir 1800-an: Khidmat Kesihatan Isteri dan Anak Imigran Eropah =====
+//"Late in the nineteenth century, English women arrived in Malaya as colonists' wives, feminizing the domestic space and establish a more permanent colonial presence. ... English women's concern with their own maternity, infant care and the health and education of their children flowed over to the maternity and mothering of other women, and state services were developed in response."// (Lenore Manderson, 1998: [[https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621826|Maternities and Modernities]]: "Shaping reproduction: maternity in early twentieth-century Malaya", m.s.31).